Umar bin
Khattab, popularly known as Umar Farooq (the
Distinguisher between truth and falsehood), was a companion (sahabi) and
father-in-law of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
He was the second Caliph of the Rashidun
Caliphate after Abu Bakr (RA). He ruled for ten years and is known
as one of the best Muslim rulers due to the expansion of the Islamic State and his social
security measures for the well-being of people. He is
included in Michael Hart’s famous
book The 100 which is about the 100
greatest personalities of human history.
Life Before
Islam
Umar was
born in Makkah in 579 AD to the Banu Adi
clan of Quraysh. The names of his father and mother were Khattab bin Nufayl and Hantama bint Hisham respectively. He was among the
few literate people of Makkah who could read and write. He was tall and
well-built and also was a good wrestler and athlete. Like many other people of
Quraysh, he became a merchant during his early life.
He was a
strict opponent of Islam before his conversion. His attitude towards his Muslim
slaves was harsh and merciless. He was among the worst enemies of Islam and was
even ready to assassinate Muhammad (PBUH) to end Islam.
Conversion
to Islam
On a day in
616 AD, Umar intended to kill Muhammad (PBUH). He met his friend Naeem bin Abdullah on the way and told
him about his intention. Naeem had also secretly embraced Islam. To prevent him from doing anything wrong, he told Umar that his sister and
brother-in-law had also accepted Islam. He angrily reached his sister’s house
and beat his sister Fatimah and
brother-in-law Saeed bin Zaid. But
they refused to give up Islam. Their steadfastness made Umar recite a few verses of the Holy
Qur’an, and he decided to embrace Islam in front of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Before that, Muhammad (PBUH) prayed for the conversion of Umar bin Khattab or Amr bin Hisham (Abu Juhl). His
conversion allowed the Muslims to pray openly for the first time due to the bravery
and importance of Umar (RA).
Migration
& Life in Madinah
When
Muhammad (PBUH) allowed the Muslims to migrate towards Madinah in 622 AD, Umar (RA)
also migrated. However, he did that openly in the daytime, contrary to other Muslims who left Makkah
secretly.
He took
part in all the major battles of Badr, Uhud, and Khandaq, battles against Jewish
tribes, the Battle of Hunayn, etc. During the Battle of Tabuk, Umar (RA) gave half of
his total wealth to the cause of Islam.
After the
death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), Umar (RA) staunchly supported the caliphate
of Abu Bakr (RA). He paved the way for his caliphate by ensuring the support of the majority of Muhajirun and Ansar. He also remained the advisor and
right-hand man of Abu Bakr (RA) during his caliphate. Umar (RA) also played a role in the unity and stability of the Islamic State during
Abu Bakr’s era. On seeing his ability, wisdom, and piety, Abu Bakr
decided to nominate Umar (RA) as his successor and second Caliph of Islam.
Umar (RA) As
Caliph
The first
Caliph, Abu Bakr (RA), died in 634 AD, and he appointed Umar (RA) the next Caliph before his death. Few people argued on this decision due to the strictness of
Umar (RA), but Abu Bakr (RA) replied that the burden of the caliphate would make him
soft. The decision later proved correct because Umar (RA) not only
completed the conquests of Persia and Levent (Sham), but his internal reforms in administration and social justice strengthen the state. Due to these measures, it became one of the earliest welfare states in history.
Khalid bin Waleed (RA) conquered parts of Iraq during
Abu Bakr’s reign, and Umar continued the conquest of Persia. His
military commanders finally captured mainland Persia in 644 AD, which ended
the Sassanid Empire.
In 638 AD,
Muslim armies captured the whole of the Levant from the Byzantines. It includes modern-day Jordan,
Lebanon, Syria, Palestine/Israel, and Eastern Anatolia.
In 642 AD,
Muslim commander Amr bin al-A’as (RA) conquered
Egypt from Byzantine Empire and
ended their rule there.
Umar’s
ten-year era was a golden period of internal prosperity due to his social and
administrative reforms. He was the first to build a national army. Before
that, men from different tribes came to fight a battle. He founded garrison
cities (cantonments) of Basra and Kufa in Iraq.
He established Bayt al-mal
(treasury) in 641 AD and introduced social
security for the elderly, poor, widows, disabled, and orphans, either Muslim or
non-Muslim. He started the Islamic calendar (Hijri) from the migration of
Muhammad (PBUH) from Makkah to Madinah. He also established a postal service. He ordered 80 lashes
for alcoholic drinking and introduced punishment for targeting a woman’s modesty
in poetry.
He was more interested in the expansion of Islam instead of territorial
gain. Due to this reason, the areas conquered by Umar are still Muslim-majority
areas. Due to all these reforms, historians recognize him as one of the
best administrators and founders of the welfare state.
Martyrdom and
Achievements
On 3rd
November 644 AD, a non-Muslim Persian slave Abu Lulu Firuz attacked Umar with a knife and wounded him. The attacker later
committed. Umar (RA) died on 26th Dhul Hijja 23 AH (7th
November 644) after succumbing to his injuries. He was buried alongside Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH) and the first Caliph Abu Bakr (RA) according to his will. The plan for Umar’s
assassination was made by Persians living in Madinah to take revenge for the Muslim conquest of Persia. Before his
martyrdom, Umar (RA) appointed a six-member committee to choose the next
Caliph. The committee later selected Usman bin Affan (RA), and he became the third Caliph after Umar’s martyrdom.
The above-mentioned
account clearly shows that he was one of the greatest rulers and reformers of
human history. The impact of his military achievements was long-lasting, and his
laws about social security are still actable. He received appreciation from Muslims and western historians.
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