Comprehensive History

Ridda Wars were the series of campaigns launched by the  Rashidun Caliph Abu Bakr (R.A) soon after the death of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in 632 AD. These wars were fought against false prophets and other apostates who refused to pay Zakat or reject the authority of the Caliphate. The Ridda Wars re-established the rule of the Caliphate over the entire Arabian Peninsula. Additionally, they proved to be a prelude for later conquests of Persia, the Byzantine Levant (Bilad al-Sham), and Egypt. Causes of Ridda Wars Tribal Society Most of the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula gradually recognized the authority of Muhammad (PBUH) and accepted Islam after the Muslim conquest of Makkah. But soon after the death of the Prophet (PBUH), several of these tribes rejected the centralized government. They referred to their agreement with Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) as a tribal agreement between two tribal chiefs and deemed it null and void after his death. The Emergence of False Prophets The suc...

  The Battle of Hunayn (known as Ghazwa Hunayn in Arabic) was fought in 8 AH (630 AD), soon after the conquest of Makkah. Despite initial losses and panic, the battle ended with a decisive victory for Muslims. The battle was significant because it was one of the last battles commanded by Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The battle is also mentioned by its name in the Holy Quran. Background Muslims conquered Makkah in 630 after remaining in Madinah for 8 years. This resulted in the end of hostilities between Muslims and all the clans of the Quraysh tribe, most of whom had now embraced Islam. This alarmed other tribes in Arabia, who considered the unity of Quraysh under the leadership of Muhammad (PBUH) against their interests. The tribes of Hawazin and Thaqif were already antagonists to Quraysh. They were located in Taif and nearby areas, just a few kilometers away from Makkah. Hawazin and their allied tribes planned to invade Makkah even before the arrival of Muslims from Madinah....

The Battle of Ain Jalut (also spelled as Ayn Jalut) was a decisive battle between Muslim Mamluks and Mongols. It is regarded as the battle that initiated the decline of the Mongol Empire. The Battle of Ain Jalut was fought in 1260 at Nazareth (now in Israel). Background Genghis Khan united various tribes of Mongols at the beginning of the 13 th Century. The unity and discipline converted these barbaric tribes into one of the world’s most formidable forces. They spread to all sides of Mongolia by crushing opponents and mercilessly killing civilians. Along with Russians, Chinese, and Europeans, Muslims also suffered badly at the hands of Mongols. In 1258, Mongols captured and destroyed Baghdad, which effectively ended the Abbasid Caliphate. Later in 1259, they took over Damascus and Aleppo from Ayyubids. Now, Mongols were in pursuit of the Holy Land. Crusades were also underway at that time. The invaders also had a few Christian realms (Armenians and Georgians) alongside Ayyubid t...